Presidents Elected Without Winning the Popular Vote

Five U.S. presidents have taken office without winning the popular vote. In other words, they did not receive a plurality regarding the popular vote. They were elected, instead, by the Electoral College—or in the case of John Quincy Adams, by the House of Representatives after a tie in the electoral votes. They were: Donald J. Trump, who lost by 2.9 million votes to Hillary Clinton in the  2016 election.George W. Bush,  who lost by 543,816 votes to Al Gore in the  2000 election.Benjamin Harrison,  who lost by 95,713 votes to  Grover Cleveland  in 1888.Rutherford B. Hayes, who lost by 264,292 votes to Samuel J. Tilden in 1876.John Quincy Adams,  who lost by 44,804 votes to  Andrew Jackson  in 1824. Popular vs. Electoral Votes Presidential elections in the United States are not popular vote contests. The writers of the Constitution configured the process so that only the members of the House of Representatives would be elected by popular vote. The Senators were to be selected by state legislatures, and the president would be selected by the Electoral College. The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, making the election of senators to occur through popular vote. However, presidential elections still operate under the electoral system. The Electoral College is made up of representatives who are generally selected by the political parties at their state conventions. Most states except Nebraska and Maine follow a winner-take-all principle of electoral votes, meaning that whichever partys candidate wins a states popular vote for the presidency will win all of that states electoral votes. The minimum electoral votes a state can have is three, the sum of a states senators plus representatives: California has the most, with 55. The Twenty-Third Amendment gave the District of Columbia three electoral votes; it has neither senators nor representatives in Congress. Since states vary in population and many popular votes for different candidates can be quite close within an individual state, it makes sense that a candidate might win the popular vote across the entire United States but not win in the Electoral College. As a specific example, lets say the Electoral College is only made up of two states: Texas and Florida. Texas with its 38 votes goes entirely to a Republican candidate but the popular vote was very close, and the Democratic candidate was behind by a very small margin of only 10,000 votes. In the same year, Florida with its 29 votes goes entirely to the Democratic candidate, yet the margin for the Democratic win was much larger with the popular vote win by over 1 million votes This could result in a Republican win at the Electoral College even though when the votes between the two states are counted together, the Democrats won the popular vote. Calls for Reform In general, it is very rare for a president to win the popular vote yet lose the election. Although this has only happened five times in U.S. History, it has occurred twice in the current century. In 2016, Donald Trump lost the popular election by nearly 3 million votes, about 2% of the total votes cast. Discussion for reform of the Electoral College dates to the first years of the Constitution and has frequently been the topic of scholarly discussion. Defenders of the Electoral College argue that its violations of majority rule are an example of constitutional provisions that require super-majorities to take action. The Electoral College allows a minority to take an action—that is to select a president—and it is the only device of its kind in the Constitution. The primary way to change it is to amend the Constitution. Since the way states count votes can affect who wins and who loses, electoral reform is by its nature political: if a party is in power, the method used to get it there is not likely to be a target of change. Despite the current climate in that Democrats support change while Republicans do not, scholars believe that the situation is only temporarily one that swings towards one party or another: One proposal called the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC) is a sub-national reform to the Electoral College in which states agree to commit their electoral votes, as a unit, to the winner of the aggregate, national vote.  Sixteen states have signed on to date, some of which are Republican-controlled. One major purpose of the Electoral College was to balance the power of the electorate so that votes in states with small populations would not (always) be overpowered by larger-populated states. Bipartisan action is required to make its reformation possible. Sources and Further Reading Bugh, Gary, ed. Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities. London: Routledge, 2010.Burin, Eric, ed. Picking the President: Understanding the Electoral College. University of North Dakota Digital Press, 2018.Colomer, Josep M. The Strategy and History of Electoral System Choice. The Handbook of Electoral System Choice. Ed. Colomer, Josep M. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. 3-78.Goldstein, Joshua H., and David A. Walker. The 2016 Presidential Election Popular-Electoral Vote Difference. Journal of Applied Business and Economics 19.9 (2017).Shaw, Daron R. The Methods Behind the Madness: Presidential Electoral College Strategies, 1988–1996. The Journal of Politics 61.4 (1999): 893-913.Virgin, Sheahan G. Competing Loyalties in Electoral Reform: An Analysis of the U.S. Electoral College. Electoral Studies 49 (2017): 38–48.

Psychology Fritz And Laura Perls - 1875 Words

answers will not be adequate to answer these questions. 1. Who is/are the founder(s) and/or major contributor(s) to this theory? 2. The main Gestalt contributors that comes to mind for most people is Fritz and Laura Perls. Both Fritz and Laura were born in Germany. Fritz Perls was a psychotherapist and psychiatrist and Laura Perls was a psychotherapist and psychologist. They believed therapy should be actively experienced in contrast to the more one-dimensional traditional talk therapy. They emphasized the importance of becoming aware of what the mind is doing and how it is doing it. For the therapy session to be beneficial the client and therapist needs to be authentically committed to being fully engaged in the time spent in the therapy session. Fritz is known for his more confrontational approach to therapy. His process towards the client/therapist relationship took on an irritating and chafing experience for the client. Laura on the other hand, felt the Gestalt form of therapy should be approached in a more humane, non-judgmental and non-offensive manner. She also stressed that the therapeutic processes ar e varied and many and not as consequential as the therapists themselves. Others agreed with Laura and followed suit with the establishment of the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland. 3. Erving Polster is a psychologist; author and instructor who helped popularize Gestalt therapy. He became aware of Gestalt therapy in the 1950’s when he participated in a workshop alongShow MoreRelatedGestalt Therapy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition of one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, andRead MorePsychology And Its Impact On Psychology2199 Words   |  9 Pagesto better understand psychology and psychotherapy is it crucial to understand those who helped to build it up to what it is today. Who they are, what they did and why they did it. What makes their contributions crucial? The need to recognize their impact during their time and how that impact continues to influence psychology in today’s age. The subject today is on Gestalt psychology and progenitor Dr. Fritz Perls. Friedrich (Frederick) Perls, better known by his nickname Fritz, is the pioneer behindRead MoreCompare and Contrast Gestalt Therapy and Person Centred Therapy3793 Words   |  16 Pagestotalities via the process of perception. The concept of Gestalt psychotherapy was then formally developed by Fritz Perlsduring the 1950s, a well known psychiatrist and psychotherapist that initiated an entirely new approach to psychotherapy. The name  «Gestalt » means  «form » and is derived from Hans-Jurgen Walters  «Gestalt Theory Psychotherapy » which is based on Gestalt psychology. Gestalt psychology relates to the interconnection of the individual and the increase in awareness where the individuals sensesRead MoreComparing Theories Of Counselling From Psychodynamic, Humanistic And Cognitive Behavioral Traditions3216 Words   |  13 Pagesperson-centered approach and Fritz Perls who developed Gestalt therapy. Although they are both regarded as humanistic counsellors, they share a v ery different approach when working with clients. I have chosen to analyse these two theorists because of their contrasting styles, in particular my curiosity was sparked after viewing both Perls and Rogers sessions with Gloria. I found it fascinating how such different styles could still be successful in therapy. In particular fritz perls style really grabbedRead MoreThe Concept of Gestalt Psychology1439 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: What Gestalt psychology What Gestalt psychology Introduction Gestalt psychology is also referred to as Gestaltism. In German language, the word means the shape or an essence of complete form that an entity can take. The theory is based on the working of the mind and brain and it originated from the School of Berlin. The main principle of the theory is that the brain is an analog and a holistic organ having the capability to manage and organize itself (Hergenhahn, 2005, p. 78)Read MoreGestalt Therapy2369 Words   |  10 PagesQuotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. 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Professor Notes about Management Theory & Practice of Westpac Banking

Question: Discuss about theManagement Theory and Practice for Westpac Banking. Answer: Introduction Organizations around the world are emphasizing on the use of sustainable business practices for ensuring their long-term growth and development. The external competitive environment is causing the need for organizations to carry out their business functions in a manner ensuring the economic, social and environmental development. Sustainability implies for businesses to consider the long-term impact of their operational activities and incorporates the use of such practices that maximizes the interests of all its stakeholders (Wilson, 2003). In this context, the present essay reflects on the sustainability of Westpac Banking Corporation that has been in the news during the past years as an example of organization carrying out its operational activities in a sustainable manner (Smith, 2014). The essay implements the theoretical concepts of sustainability to the selected organization for critically analyzing the influence of these concepts on its managerial practices. At last, the essay provides a series of recommendations to the company to enhance its sustainability. Westpac Banking Corporation Westpac Banking Corporation has been recognized as a leader in the list of Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World at the World Economic Forum in the year 2014 (Westpac, n.d.). The corporation is categorized as one of the major public bank of Australia. It is involved in providing banking and financial services to about 13 million customers worldwide. It is known to be a sustainability leader in the banking industry of Australia. The corporation has achieved this position by creating long-term value for its customers, employees, shareholders and the community. This is done by Westpac through recognizing its long-term interests and ensuring that these are consistent with resource efficiency. The responsible leadership practices have enabled the corporation to align its strategic objectives with sustainability measures that aims to protect the interest of all its stakeholders. Westpac has developed and maintained a work culture of undertaking social, environmental and eco nomic responsibility to create a sustainable future. The incorporation of sustainability as a key part of its business strategy has enabled Westpac to maximize its performance by promoting its goodwill worldwide (Westpac Group Annual Review and Sustainability Report 2012, 2012). Implementation and Evaluation of Theoretical Concepts of Sustainability Business organizations can achieve corporate sustainability through emphasizing on the theoretical concepts of sustainable development, stakeholder theory and corporate accountability theory. The theoretical concept of sustainable development recognizes the importance of achieving a balance between economic growth, environmental protection and social development for business organizations. According to the World Commission for Environment and Development (WCED), sustainable development can be stated as meeting the demands of present generations appropriately without stressing the ability of future generations to meet their needs and demands (Wilson, 2003).WECD identifies the role and responsibility of business corporations in ensuring the sustainable development of the environment, society and the economy wherein it carries its operational activities. In this context, rights theory states that human rights should be protected and should not be negatively impacted by the property righ ts. As per rights theory, business corporations should protect the human rights of its each and every stakeholder such as employees, local community and the overall societal environment impacted by their property rights. The central principle of sustainable development is also adopting such business practices that do not have any adverse impacts on the environment quality. This emphasizes the need for businesses to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases and other such toxic substance that pollutes the environment. Economic development can be achieved by business organizations through implementation of effective measures that minimizes operational risk, developing reserves and selecting the institutional options that reduces market fluctuations. Thus, it is the ethical obligation of businesses to promote sustainable development by adopting responsible business practices (Wilson, 2003). Stakeholder theory underlines the concept of promoting the well-being of each and every stakeholder by businesses to achieve sustainability. According to the stakeholder theory, the main aim for existence of nay organization is to create value for all its stakeholders. Stakeholders can be defined as group of people that are impacted by the internal and external business environment of an organization such as customers, employees, shareholders, suppliers, local community and many others (Harrison Wicks, 2013). This can be achieved by business firms through developing long-term relationships with all its stakeholders enabling them to attain success and growth. Thus, as per the theory the senior managers should ensure that their organizational functions address the need of its stakeholders effectively. The stakeholder approach in sustainability concepts stresses on the need for businesses to improve the status of the world and not only developing profits for its shareholders (Wilson, 2 003). In this regard, the major challenge that exists for businesses to achieve sustainability is to identify its overall stakeholders and developing strong relationships with them. The next challenge that exists for corporate managers is to develop strategies for different stakeholder group as they have varying goals, priorities and demands. The strategies include implementing measures such as developing safer workplace, producing high-quality products or services, compliance with all the government regulations, environment protection and ensuring social justices. These strategies will enable a business organization to manage effectively its relationships with internal and external group of people for achieving a competitive advantage (Harrison Wicks, 2013). Corporate accountability is also one of the major underlying theoretical concepts in sustainability practices. Corporate accountability incorporates the legal and ethical obligation of businesses for ensuring the development of a res ponsible behavior by maintaining transparency in their operational activities. The theory of accountability emphasizes on protecting the interests of stakeholders by complying with the corporate laws of all the jurisdictions in which an organization conducts its business operations. It emphasizes on the need for organizations to report their performance on environmental, social and economic parameters, known as triple bottom line reporting. Thus, all these theoretical concepts of sustainability has identified and evaluated the need for businesses to achieve sustainability (Keith, 2010). Critical Analysis of the Influence of Theoretical Concepts on Managerial Practices in Westpac Banking Corporation with Reference to Sustainability Westpac Banking Corporation has effectively implemented and adopted all the theoretical concepts of sustainability discussed above. With reference to the theoretical concept of sustainable development, Westpac have very well identified the significance for adopting responsible business practices that promotes social, economic and environment development (Westpacs Sustainable Supply Chain, 2015). For this purpose, senior managers of Westpac has developed a Code of Conduct that its business partners such as employees and suppliers need to follow to minimize the adverse impacts on the environment. Westpac encourages it suppliers to prioritize their environmental targets, conduct independent audits agents appropriate environment standards and incorporate the use environment friendly products. This enables the banking corporation to develop processes and services that does not degrade the environment quality in any aspect (Westpac Group Sanctions Policy, 2014). In addition to this, it is recognized as first bank to support the Green Challenge Plus program launched by Australian government, aimed at reducing the emission of greenhouse gases from the countrys industry sector (Smith, 2014). The banking corporation also has properly understood the responsibility it owes to local communities and aims to carry out operations in a manner that result in developing long-term benefits for its society. Westpac incorporates the use of a written policy for community involvement and aligning its core business strategy in accordance with the needs and expectations of the community (Westpacs Sustainable Supply Chain, 2015). It has launched a Social Change Fellowship Program that aims to improve the well-being of people of the country through inculcating a positive social change in them. This program is aimed at providing opportunity to the Australian people to explore their potential through enrolling in a personalized plan that will improve their skills a nd capabilities (Leigh, 2016). The banking corporation also adopts responsible business practices for achieving economic sustainability by emphasizing on the economic development of the indigenous areas of the countries. It is actively involved in developing sound infrastructure, promoting access to education and improving the condition of living in these areas. Westpac has introduced a micro-finance loans strategy that aims to provide funds to the business entities in these areas that does not matches the mainstream lending criteria (Enabling Prosperity: SuccessFactors ForIndigenous Economic Development, 2014). Westpac has also effectively identified all its key stakeholders and has incorporated best strategies for ensuring the well-being of the internal and external people connected with the organization. The major stakeholders of the banking corporation include customers, employees, community partners, investors and suppliers. Westpac ensures employees welfare by engaging the employees in all its decision-making practices. It is also recognized as the first Australian bank that emphasizes on employee engagement as a major part of its organizational strategy. It abides with core labor standards and provides a healthy working environment through ensuring fair treatment to all to its employees. The banking corporation also implements effective measures so that it does not violate any employment laws and regulations and protects its workers from any type of harassment, discrimination and bullying (Westpac Groups Principles for Doing Business, 2014). Westpac maintains that its banking solutions should be simple and ethical for all its customers. For this purpose, it has implemented effective strategies for being available to the customer at all time by minimizing the waiting time and resolving their problems and complaints quickly and fairly. The bank aims to generate value for its customers by respecting the customers right to privacy and adopting responsible marketing and lending practices. Customers right to privacy is maintained by ensuring that all the personal and financial information of the customers remain confidential so that it is not accessible by any third party (Westpac Groups Principles for Doing Business, 2014). Westpac also markets its products reasonably by adhering with all the legal and regulatory marketing requirements. Westpac protects the interests of the government by promoting economic development through investing in countrys infrastructure and supporting the industrial development of the country. The ba nking corporation has identified its suppliers as most important in enhancing its substantiality performance and therefore has regarded them as business partners. Westpac maintains its relationship with suppliers through abiding with the Code of Conduct that is to be followed by the bank and its suppliers. This helps them to achieve trust of its suppliers and therefore maximizing their interests (Westpac Groups Principles for Doing Business, 2014). Westpac incorporates the concept of corporate accountability for achieving sustainability by complying with all the corporate laws of the jurisdictions wherein it operates its business activities. The operational activities of the bank are monitored and regulated by the following governmental agencies in Australia, that are, Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commissions (ACCC). All these governmental agencies in the country provide guideline to Australian banks for conducting their operational activities. Westpac has to abide by all the legal laws and regulations of these governmental agencies for achieving sustainability in all its business practices (Westpac Groups Principles for Doing Business, 2014). Westpac also complies successfully with all the statutory requirements of New Zealand (NZ) and has t herefore established its subsidiary in the country Westpac New Zealand for providing its financial and banking services to the customers of NZ (Westpac: Annual Report, 2008). The US banking operations of the bank are monitored and supervised by US Federal Reserve and International Banking Act (IBA). IBA act maintains that foreign banks are not allowed to establish a branch in the US without obtaining consent of the US Federal Reserve (Westpac Group: US Resolution Plan, 2013). Westpac has also strived to introduce accountability in all its business operations through providing regular reports on its economic, environment and social performance with adoption of Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). The implementation of such a framework by the bank enables it to adopt Triple Bottom Line (TBL) approach in its sustainability practices. The GRI report developed by the banking corporation aims to provide disclosure regarding its business strategy, governance, ethics and stakeholder engagement. GRI is an international independent organization that established the sustainability reporting standard for the businesses to seek transparency in their operational activities. The incorporation of a sustainable reporting system by Westpac facilitates it in decision-making practices through identifying the risk in its supply chain management practices and developing effective strategies for mitigating them. The banking corporation has applied best practice standards for repo rting its financial, environmental, social and governance aspects. It also publishes its annual performance reporting and benchmark reporting to maintain accountability and transparency in all its business operations (Approach to reporting, n.d.). Thus, it can be stated from the above discussion that Westpac has successfully implemented all the theoretical concepts of sustainability such as sustainable development, stakeholder engagement and corporate accountability in its operational activities. In addition Recommendations Westpac has achieved sustainability in all its business practices but need to ensure its sustainability through effectively meeting the issues and challenges in banking industry. In this context, it is recommended to Westpac to implement effective measures to strengthen its sustainable business practices for ensuring its long-term growth and success. Westpac is recommended to introduce and adopt a sustainability maturity assessment that ennobles it to continually monitor its sustainability initiatives and comparing them with the standards determined. The assessment will effectively evaluate the performance of the bank by identifying the loopholes in its sustainability strategy and redefining its sustainable objectives more accurately (To be good corporate citizens, banks must improve their sustainability reporting, 2012). In addition to this, Westpac is also recommended to undertake sustainability initiative feedback analysis with all its stakeholders. It would help the banking corpo ration to periodically assess the effectiveness of its sustainability measures adopted for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders. The feedback analysis will appropriately meet the demands of all its stakeholders for gaining access to sustainability related information. Westpac also need to emphasize more on its benchmark reporting system that will facilitate the corporation to review the current trends regarding sustainability in the banking sector. Reviewing the current trend in the industry will enable Westpac to identify the most appropriate sustainability strategies that best fits win accordance with its strategic mission and visions. Thus, all these measures are recommended to Westpac for enhancing its sustainability practices (To be good corporate citizens, banks must improve their sustainability reporting, 2012). Conclusion On the basis of the overall discussion, it can be stated that Westpac has strengthened its brand image in the recent years on the basis of implementing sustainability in all its business functions. The banking corporation has ensured the economic, social and environmental development through its business activities. Also, it effectively engages all its stakeholders in the decision-making process for protecting the interest of all the people directly or indirectly connected with the corporation. Westpac maintains accountability and transparency in its business model by complying with all the legal laws in the jurisdictions where it conducts its operations. It also develops and publishes its sustainable report for providing an assessment of its economic, environmental and social performance to all its stakeholders in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. Westpac is recommended to conduct sustainability maturity assessment and sustainability initiative feedbac k analysis for ensuring its sustainable growth by continually monitoring and reviewing its sustainability performance. References Approach to reporting. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/sustainability/the-way-we-work/approach-to-reporting/ Enabling Prosperity: SuccessFactors ForIndigenous Economic Development. (2014). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/Enabling_Prosperity_Success_Factors_for_Indigenous_Economic_Development.pdf Harrison, J.S. Wicks, A.C. (2013). Stakeholder Theory, Value, and Firm Performance. Business Ethics Quarterly 23(1), 97-124. Keith, N. (2010). Evolution of Corporate Accountability: From Moral Panic to Corporate Social Responsibility. Business Law International 11(3), 247-276. Leigh, L. (2016). Westpac launches Social Change Fellowship program to invest in people rather than projects. Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.startupdaily.net/2016/07/westpac-social-change-fellowship/ Smith, J. (2014). The World's Most Sustainable Companies of 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2014/01/22/the-worlds-most-sustainable-companies-of-2014/#7cefb6834d97 To be good corporate citizens, banks must improve their sustainability reporting. (2012). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://theconversation.com/to-be-good-corporate-citizens-banks-must-improve-their-sustainability-reporting-8523 Westpac Group Annual Review And Sustainability Report 2012. (2012). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/ic/2012_Annual_Review_and_Sustainability_Report.pdf Westpac Group Sanctions Policy. (2014). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/Westpac_Group_Sanctions_Policy.pdf Westpac Group: US Resolution Plan. (2013). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.federalreserve.gov/bankinforeg/resolution-plans/westpac-bking-3g-20131231.pdf Westpac Groups Principles for Doing Business. (2014). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/Principles_for_doing_business.pdf Westpac. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/company-overview/about-us/ Westpac: Annual Report. (2008). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from [https://info.westpac.com.au/annualreport2008/default.aspx?PID=150 Westpacs Sustainable Supply Chain. (2015). Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/sustainability/SSCM_CodeofConduct.pdf Wilson, M. (2003). Corporate sustainability: what is it and where does it come from? Retrieved September 7, 2016, from https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/corporate-sustainability-what-is-it-and-where-does-it-come-from/